This 44-chapter volume tackles a quickly-evolving field of inquiry, mapping the existing discourse as part of a general attempt to place current developments in historical context; at the same time, breaking new ground in taking on novel subjects and pursuing fresh approaches. The term "A.I." is used to refer to a broad range of phenomena, from machine learning and data mining to artificial general intelligence. The recent advent of more sophisticated AI systems, which function with partial or full autonomy and (...) are capable of tasks which require learning and 'intelligence', presents difficult ethical questions, and has drawn concerns from many quarters about individual and societal welfare, democratic decision-making, moral agency, and the prevention of harm. This work ranges from explorations of normative constraints on specific applications of machine learning algorithms today-in everyday medical practice, for instance-to reflections on the (potential) status of AI as a form of consciousness with attendant rights and duties and, more generally still, on the conceptual terms and frameworks necessarily to understand tasks requiring intelligence, whether "human" or "A.I.". (shrink)

O livro reúne textos apresentados no II Workshop de Filosofia e Ensino, realizado na UFRGS em 2015, com a temática "Epistemologia e Currículo" -/- .

Zusammenfassung Um die Öffnung der Bundesliga gegenüber Investoren möglichst wettbewerbsneutral zu gestalten und den Einfluss von externen Geldgebern auf einen Profi-Fußballclub zu beschränken, wurde die sogenannte 50-plus-1-Regel in die Satzung des DFB aufgenommen. In diesem Beitrag wird umfassend analysiert, welche Konstellationen mit beherrschendem Einfluss nicht von dieser Regelung erfasst werden. Ziel dieser Analyse ist der anschließende Vorschlag eines alternativen Konzeptes, welches die vorgebrachten Zielsetzungen konsequent realisieren könnte. Zur Durchführung der Regulation werden außerdem konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen ausgesprochen. Die Vorteilhaftigkeit des vorgeschlagenen Konzeptes (...) wird aus sportökonomischer und rechtlicher Perspektive gewürdigt. (shrink)

Frank Mathwig prägt die theologische Ethik in der Schweiz seit vielen Jahren mit. Pointiert und diskussionsfreudig bringt er die reformierte kirchliche Stimme in die öffentliche Debatte ein: in den Medien, in wissenschaftlichen Texten, in der akademischen Lehre und als Mitglied nationaler Gremien und politischer Kommissionen. In der Festgabe für Frank Mathwig sind publizierte und unveröffentlichte Beiträge aus seinem vielfältigen Schaffen versammelt. Neben grundsätzlichen Reflexionen zur theologischen Ethik und zum Verhältnis von Kirche und theologischer Ethik sind Texte zu aktuellen (...) Themen wie assistierter Suizid, Migration, Menschenrechte, Ehe und Familie und Grund- und Anwendungsfragen der Bioethik im Band enthalten. (shrink)

Anthony Shiver (2013) desenvolveu dois jogos de cartas lógicas para a prática da derivação no contexto da Lógica Proposicional Clássica. Embora ele tenha apresentado os contornos gerais desses jogos, muitos detalhes do desenho deles estão faltando. Neste artigo proponho uma metodologia para o desenho detalhado do primeiro dos jogos de Shiver. Esta metodologia utiliza uma abordagem informacional para a seleção das cartas do baralho, que conforma-se a critérios de alcançabilidade de cada carta e de balanço entre elas.

Analisarei estruturas resultantes da utilização coordenada de múltiplos silogismos, e investigarei o problema de normalização de tais estruturas.

Excerpt from Das Prinzip der Dialektischen Synthesis und die Kantische Philosophie B. Das synthetische Urteil in seinem Verhaltnis zur analytischen und synthetischen Einheit des Bewusstseins. Die Begriffe der analytischen und der synthetischen Einheit erhalten nun in der Kantischen Philosophie eine ganz besondere Bedeutung dadurch, dass auf ihrem Unterschied der Gegensatz der transzendentalen Logik zur aristotelischen Analytik beruht. Denn der Gegenstand der traditionellen Logik ist die blos analytische Einheit des Denkens, was sich schon daraus ersehen lasst, dass ihr durchaus die Definition (...) des Begriffs als einer Vor stellung zu Grunde liegt, die in anderen moglichen Vor stellungen, als deren gemeinschaftliches Merkmal (nota, enthalten ist. Durch einen solchen Begriff kann aber nie eine ganze Vorstellung, sondern immer nur ein Teil derselben, die synthetische Einheit ihres Bewusstseins also als zusammen gesetzt aus solchen Teilen, mithin nur analytisch gedacht werden. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

In recent years theorists, such as Yael Tamir and David Miller, have proposed a liberal form of nationalism thereby combining two seemingly incompatible traditions of thought. Perhaps the most controversial element of their theories is the claim that national communities should be accorded with a right to political self-determination. In the article it is explained, firstly, why membership in a nation is seen as important for the individual’s well-being and, secondly, why statehood is deemed necessary for the thriving of the (...) nation. Subsequently, two problems of the liberal nationalists’ argument for political self-determination are discussed. It is argued, firstly, that national communities only need some form of regional autonomy to achieve their most important goals and, secondly, that non-national communities, e.g. religious groups, can base their demand for political sovereignity on the very same argument. (shrink)

A crítica de Adorno a posições idealistas acentua que o sujeito, como portador da vontade livre, é sempre mediado social e historicamente. Segundo Adorno, a vontade é razão, mas não somente razão. Junto com ela deve ser sempre usado um “impulso anterior-ao-sentido-do-eu”. Ao final, será apresentada a crítica de Adorno do ideal social de uma vontade forte.

The distinction between actus humanus and actus hominis is the best-known distinction in Thomas Aquinas’ theory of action. A human action (actus humanus) is a special case of an act of a human being (actus hominis). Several acts of our intellect and will form a human action and thereby put it from the realm of pure natural happenings (genus naturae) into the moral realm (genus moris). The paper at hand shows the character and main parameters of Thomas Aquinas’ action theory, (...) especially in the Summa theologiae I-II, quaestiones 6-17. Moreover, it presents Thomas Aquinas’ central idea of what is the essence of a human action. The analysis especially makes use of the element of command (imperium) It shows that, according to Aquinas, acting consists in the intellectually comprehensible self-disclosure of a person and therefore builds the basis for the moral evaluation of human actions. (shrink)

A Lei de Hume, pela qual um dever ser não pode resultar de um ser, e a sua recíproca, pela qual um ser não pode resultar de um dever ser, ocupam posições proeminentes nas discussões de metaética. Neste trabalho mostrarei relações lógicas entre distintas formulações da Lei de Hume e da sua recíproca. Também mostrarei como essas formulações estão relacionadas a teses sustentadas por importantes pensadores como Poincaré, Nelson, Jörgensen e Hare.

Revision of the author's thesis (doctoral).

Dieser Essay möchte Kants Recht nach dem Krieg kritisch analysieren und untersuchen, welchen Beitrag es für die gegenwärtige Debatte um das ius post bellum leisten kann. Es wird dabei davon ausgegangen, dass Kants Konzeption des Naturzustands den Schlüssel zum Verständnis von Kants Kriegsrecht insgesamt darstellt. Zunächst wird die Struktur des ius post bellum durch seine systematische Stellung in Kants Völkerrecht rekonstruiert. Die einzelnen Bestimmungen des Rechts nach dem Krieg werden in zwei Gruppen geteilt und für sich erläutert. Dabei wird gelegentlich (...) auf Begrenzungen von Kants Perspektive hingewiesen. Die identifizierten Grundsätze von Kants Kriegsrecht werden schließlich dazu verwendet, weitere, nicht im Recht nach dem Krieg genannte Bestimmungen zu diskutieren, die die Nachkonfliktphase betreffen.This essay tries to critically analyze Kant’s right after war. It examines the contribution of Kant’s right after war to the contemporary debate about jus post bellum. It starts with the assumption that the key to the understanding of Kant’s law of war is his conception of the state of nature. The structure of the right after war will be reconstructed by analyzing the place of the right within Kant’s law of peoples. The features of the right after war will be divided into two groups and examined. Certain limitations of Kant’s perspective will be identified. The underlying principles of Kant’s law of war will be used to discuss other, not in the right after war included features, which are related to the post bellum phase. (shrink)

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the sine law of refraction had been discovered. Thus, natural philosophers tried even more to find a cause of refraction and to demonstrate the law. One of them was Thomas Hobbes, who was the author of the Leviathan and also worked on optics. At first, in the Hobbes analogy (1634), he was influenced by Ibn al-Haytham, just as Descartes was in his famous proof in the Dioptrique (1637). In his later optical scripts Tractatus (...) Opticus I (published 1644), Tractatus Opticus II (probably 1640), and A Minute or First Draught of the Optiques (1646), he developed a new explanation. Rejecting a corpuscular theory of light, Hobbes conceived a ray not as a body but as a motion originating from the light source: a ray can only be the motion of a body. The normal to the sides of a ray is called 'linea lucis'. If a ray is incident into another medium with a different density, one part of the linea lucis will be in the rarer and the other in the denser medium during an imperceptibly short period. Because the resistances in the two media are different, the parts of the linea lucis will move with different velocities; as a result the linea lucis will rotate and the direction of the ray will be changed. The next explanation given in De Corpore (1655) comes closer to the first one that Hobbes set down in the analogy. It must be asked why he replaced the theory of rotation by one which seems to carry less conviction. The reason could be that the dropped theory is founded in part on basic requirements of a corpuscular theory of light. Abandoning the whole theory might have been the lesser evil for Hobbes. In two later works, the Problemata Physica (1662) and the Decameron Physiologicum (1678), Hobbes varied his explanation without giving any proof for the sine law. It should be noted, however, that in the Decameron he refers to the proof contained in the Tractatus Opticus I, but not that given in De Corpore. (shrink)

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the sine law of refraction had been discovered. Thus, natural philosophers tried even more to find a cause of refraction and to demonstrate the law. One of them was Thomas Hobbes, who was the author of the Leviathan and also worked on optics. At first, in the Hobbes analogy , he was influenced by Ibn al-Haytham, just as Descartes was in his famous proof in the Dioptrique . In his later optical scripts Tractatus (...) Opticus I , Tractatus Opticus II , and A Minute or First Draught of the Optiques , he developed a new explanation. Rejecting a corpuscular theory of light, Hobbes conceived a ray not as a body but as a motion originating from the light source: a ray can only be the motion of a body. The normal to the sides of a ray is called 'linea lucis'. If a ray is incident into another medium with a different density, one part of the linea lucis will be in the rarer and the other in the denser medium during an imperceptibly short period. Because the resistances in the two media are different, the parts of the linea lucis will move with different velocities; as a result the linea lucis will rotate and the direction of the ray will be changed. The next explanation given in De Corpore comes closer to the first one that Hobbes set down in the analogy. It must be asked why he replaced the theory of rotation by one which seems to carry less conviction. The reason could be that the dropped theory is founded in part on basic requirements of a corpuscular theory of light. Abandoning the whole theory might have been the lesser evil for Hobbes. In two later works, the Problemata Physica and the Decameron Physiologicum , Hobbes varied his explanation without giving any proof for the sine law. It should be noted, however, that in the Decameron he refers to the proof contained in the Tractatus Opticus I, but not that given in De Corpore. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft Jahrgang: 23 Heft: 2 Seiten: 343-370.